\u201c\u0130ktisat tarihi, yani canl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerinin tarihi \u015fu sorular etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6ner: \u0130\u015flenebilir ne kadar arazi kald\u0131? Ekilmemi\u015f arazilerin temizlenmesiyle verim almak i\u00e7in harcanan eme\u011fi t\u00fcketilen g\u0131da miktar\u0131na oranland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z takdirde elde edilen asgari toprak verimlili\u011fi nedir? Bu sorgulama kapitalist \u00e7a\u011fda en verimlisinden en verimsizine mevcut t\u00fcm topraklar s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclene kadar s\u00fcrer. Art\u0131k canl\u0131lar, t\u00fcrlerin tamam\u0131 a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n pen\u00e7esinde.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0– Amadeo Bordiga1<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n Tar\u0131m meselesi bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in siyasetin konusu olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Oysa \u015fimdi intihar\u0131n e\u015fi\u011findeki \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zorluklar\u0131 medyada d\u00fczenli olarak duyuyor, g\u00f6r\u00fcyor; meslekta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n hik\u00e2yelerini okuyoruz. Ancak tar\u0131msal-end\u00fcstriyel kalk\u0131nmaya y\u00f6nelik tedbirler, \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe ili\u015fkin sol tahayy\u00fcler, \u201cprod\u00fcktivizm\u201de y\u00f6nelik ele\u015ftiriler ve Br\u00fcksel g\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc ye\u015fil yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rma giri\u015fimlerini birlikte de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fimizde ideolojinin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde tar\u0131m meselesinde \u00f6nceki zaman ve mek\u00e2nlara g\u00f6re fazla s\u00f6z sahibi oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrebiliriz. \u0130syan\u0131n derinde yatan k\u00f6klerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, tar\u0131m odakl\u0131 sanayinin genel durumunu tahlil edebilmek i\u00e7in de bir te\u015febb\u00fcste bulunulmas\u0131 gerekiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131 prod\u00fcktivizm ele\u015ftirisinin ve halihaz\u0131rda s\u00fcren yeniden yap\u0131lanmaya e\u015flik eden her t\u00fcrl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ekoloji eksenli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7mek, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme ve ele\u015ftiride end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren kapitalist toplumsal ili\u015fkilere yeniden odaklanmakt\u0131r. Tarih boyunca kimileri k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli aile \u00e7iftliklerinin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak yok olaca\u011f\u0131 beklentisi ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, kimileri ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz yok olu\u015fun frenlenmesinin \u00f6nemine vurgu yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, hatta aralar\u0131nda \u201ctoplumsal d\u00fczene i\u00e7kin bu gerici kanad\u0131n\u201d bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 arzusunu ta\u015f\u0131yanlar da oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Marksistler tarih boyunca \u201ctar\u0131m meselesi\u201d ile ilgilenirken kendilerini s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f hissetti. Tar\u0131mda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn hen\u00fcz ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fi, bir as\u0131rd\u0131r uygulanan tar\u0131m politikalar\u0131n\u0131n da yard\u0131m\u0131yla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck veya orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli aile i\u015fletmelerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Ancak bu d\u00f6ng\u00fcn\u00fcn sonuna geldi\u011fimizi s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Peki bu durumda topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7iftli\u011fini ve makinelerini kiralayan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcretici, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n sahibi midir? S\u00fct\u00fcn fiyat\u0131 piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131nda belirlendi\u011fi i\u00e7in k\u00e2r elde etmesine izin verilmeyen ve isyan eden \u00e7ift\u00e7i proleter midir? \u201cEkolojik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u201d i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak isteyen, Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration Paysanne [K\u00f6yl\u00fc Konfederasyonu] \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen bostan sahibi gerici midir? Ya da intihar\u0131n e\u015fi\u011findeyken ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 darbo\u011faz\u0131 ve yaln\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hayk\u0131ran, zaman\u0131nda tatmin edici bir gelir elde etti\u011fi aile \u00e7iftli\u011fine \u00f6zlem duyan ilerici midir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u00fcn<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Fransa ve t\u00fcm Avrupa\u2019da tarlalarda kopacak f\u0131rt\u0131na, uzun s\u00fcredir bekleniyordu. Fransa\u2019da 2003\u2019te ba\u015f g\u00f6steren s\u00fct kriziyle beraber a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00fcretimin bask\u0131lanmas\u0131 ve 1984\u2019te \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin sat\u0131\u015f fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesini \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla uygulamaya konulan \u00fcretim kotalar\u0131n\u0131n tedricen kald\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilan edilmesinden sonra, \u00f6nceki birikim modelinin kurals\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn uluslararas\u0131 rekabete a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn de haliyle tamamen al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir yola girdi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Fransa \u00f6zelinde yasakl\u0131 maddeleri i\u00e7eren Brezilya men\u015feli soya ve sava\u015f harcamalar\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek amac\u0131yla g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergilerinden muafiyet yoluyla s\u00fcbvanse edilen Ukrayna tavu\u011fu ile ilgili tart\u0131\u015fmalar kula\u011f\u0131m\u0131za geliyor.2<\/a><\/sup> Subprime<\/em> (y\u00fcksek faiz) krizinin ard\u0131ndan merkez bankalar\u0131, kredi faizi \u00f6demeleri alt\u0131nda ezilen \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin bor\u00e7 y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc hafifleten d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck faiz politikas\u0131n\u0131 benimsedi. Ancak ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u0131l merkez bankas\u0131 faiz oranlar\u0131nda art\u0131\u015fa gitti, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin bor\u00e7lar\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc her y\u0131l \u00f6demek zorunda olduklar\u0131 bedel artt\u0131. Bor\u00e7lanma maliyetlerindeki art\u0131\u015f, baz\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in barda\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131ran son damla oldu. \u00c7ift\u00e7ilerin bor\u00e7lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6dedikleri faiz birka\u00e7 ay i\u00e7inde neredeyse iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.3<\/a><\/sup> Son olarak, \u201ctar\u0131mdan elde edilen gelir 2023\u2019te 2022\u2019ye k\u0131yasla %11 ve katma de\u011fer, yani servet art\u0131\u015f\u0131 %9 oran\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc; Ukrayna\u2019dan yap\u0131lan tah\u0131l ithalat\u0131n\u0131n Polonya, Macaristan ve Romanya\u2019da tehlike sinyallerini hissettirmesi \u00fczerine bu tabloya Avrupa boyutu da eklendi.\u201d4<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n Uluslararas\u0131 ticarete y\u00f6nelik sert d\u00fczenlemelerin damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurdu\u011fu Fordist model ile on y\u0131llard\u0131r bildi\u011fimiz, sermayenin serbest dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla karakterize edilen \u201cneoliberal\u201d model aras\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7i\u015flilik bir s\u0131r de\u011fil. Bug\u00fcn \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin isyan\u0131n\u0131n da ge\u00e7mi\u015ftekine benzer \u015fekilde bir sonraki a\u015famaya; \u015fekillenmeye ba\u015flayan yeniden yap\u0131lanman\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcllerine ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu vurgulamal\u0131y\u0131z. Her ne kadar ge\u00e7i\u015flilikten s\u00f6z etti\u011fimizde \u00e7ok say\u0131da farkl\u0131l\u0131k s\u00f6zkonusu oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 yol ayr\u0131m\u0131nda olmasak da krizden \u00f6nce ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve bu esnada beliren ana hatlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6rebiliyoruz. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7ift\u00e7i eylemleriyle g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr olan isyan AB Ortak Tar\u0131m Politikas\u0131n\u0131n (OTP) \u00e7evre korumac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelme, dekarbonizasyon ve reg\u00fclasyon vadeden yeni s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc korku ve \u00f6fkenin oda\u011f\u0131na koyuyor. OTP\u2019nin beyan\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekte neye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k geldi\u011fini ve tar\u0131m end\u00fcstrisinin beklentilerini anlamam\u0131z gerekiyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Kapitalizm tarihindeki b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimler, krizler \u00fczerinden ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. 1914-1945 d\u00f6neminden itibaren sivil sanayinin askeri teknolojileri ithal etmesi, sava\u015f sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde mallar\u0131n ve \u00f6zellikle tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde g\u00fcbrelerin seri \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in \u00f6nko\u015fuldu.5<\/a><\/sup> Krizlerin sermayenin gelecekteki geli\u015fiminin ko\u015fulu oldu\u011funu kabul etti\u011fimizde kriz ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n her \u015feyden \u00f6nce en verimli sermayeyi se\u00e7ti\u011fini g\u00f6rebiliyoruz. Belirli teknolojiler t\u00fcm de\u011fer zincirinde yayg\u0131nla\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda verimlilik oran\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla k\u00e2r oran\u0131 da art\u0131yor. Verimlilik k\u00e2rlar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rarak genelle\u015ftiremeyenler iflas ediyor. Bug\u00fcn ya\u015fanan da bu. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7iftlikler, yeni ekolojik standartlara daha tatmink\u00e2r \u015fekilde yan\u0131t verebilecek, daha fazla s\u00fcbvansiyon alabilecek, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla daha avantajl\u0131 konuma eri\u015febilecek di\u011fer i\u015fletmecilerin lehine geriye \u00e7ekilmeyi ve pazardaki konumlar\u0131n\u0131 tehlikeye atmay\u0131 istemiyor. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcreticiler ve i\u015fletmelerse sadece varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele ediyor. Ku\u015fkusuz en \u00f6nemli soru, devasa yat\u0131r\u0131mlar gerektiren bir s\u00fcre\u00e7te a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bor\u00e7 y\u00fck\u00fc alt\u0131nda \u00e7abalayan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin tar\u0131m faaliyetlerini modernize etme kapasitesine sahip olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131. Yine de geriye bir soru daha kal\u0131yor: Aile i\u015fletmeleri olarak bilinen bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcreticiler, her ne kadar mevcut \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda etkinli\u011fini yitirmi\u015f de olsalar, nas\u0131l olup da bug\u00fcne kadar hayatta kalabildiler? Merkezden y\u00f6netilen tekelci sermaye taraf\u0131ndan massedilmeden varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebildiler? \u00d6zetle, kendi \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131na sahip, en az\u0131ndan resm\u00ee olarak kendi eme\u011fi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kimsenin eme\u011fini s\u00f6m\u00fcrmeyen ve neredeyse hi\u00e7 k\u00e2r elde etmeyen bu arkaik \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri bug\u00fcne kadar nas\u0131l ya\u015fayabildi? Cevap bulabilmek i\u00e7in s\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7en tar\u0131msal s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc bi\u00e7imlerinin yak\u0131n zamanda ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da hesaba katarak, Avrupa Birli\u011fi uhdesindeki OTP\u2019nin tarihsel seyrini takip etmeye ihtiya\u00e7 duyuyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Front Populaire6<\/a><\/sup> yani Halk Cephesi\u2019nin uygulamaya koydu\u011fu ve Vichy h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc korumac\u0131 politikalar geride b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131, Fransa\u2019da tar\u0131m\u0131n end\u00fcstrile\u015fme s\u00fcreci ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonunda, sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geli\u015fen \u00fcretim teknolojileri sayesinde tar\u0131mda sanayile\u015fme tam anlam\u0131yla ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu. Her ne kadar tar\u0131m 1920\u2019lerden 1960\u2019lara kadar kapitalizm taraf\u0131ndan absorbe edilse de kapitalist tarzda yeniden d\u00fczenleme k\u0131smiydi, ancak 1962\u2019de OTP\u2019nin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konmas\u0131yla k\u0131rsal \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin g\u00f6rece \u00f6zerkli\u011fine son verildi. Fiyatlar\u0131n, \u00fcretim hacminin ve ithalat\u0131n \u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131 politikalarla d\u00fczenlenmesi ve ulusal \u00f6l\u00e7ekte bir t\u00fcr devlet de\u011fi\u015fim planlamas\u0131 ile tan\u0131mlanan zorunlu sanayile\u015fme, verimlilik art\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131, k\u00e2r art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve genel ya\u015fam d\u00fczeyindeki refah art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bir potada eritti. Kabaca 1960\u2019lardan 1990\u2019lara kadar uzanan Fordist birikim rejimi, kentle\u015fen b\u00f6lgelerin tamam\u0131na kapitalist toplumsal ili\u015fkilerin egemenli\u011finin damgas\u0131n\u0131 kati surette vurarak, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00fcretim faaliyetini kapitalist \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecine dahil etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1992\u2019den bu yana OTP \u00e7er\u00e7evesindeki geli\u015fmeler, di\u011fer her alanda oldu\u011fu gibi \u201cneoliberal\u201d d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmleri takip ediyor: kurals\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rma, serbestle\u015ftirme ve finansal sistemin yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131. Baz\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlardan farkl\u0131 olarak, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u201cserbestle\u015ftirmenin\u201d bi\u00e7imsel bir d\u00fczenleme olarak kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, devletin asla piyasa lehine geri \u00e7ekilmedi\u011fini vurgulaman\u0131n \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz. S\u00f6zkonusu olan, kimilerince ifade edildi\u011fi \u00fczere, \u201cfarkl\u0131 birikim rejimlerine \u00f6zg\u00fc kurumsal d\u00fczenlemelerdir\u201d. Sanayi kesimi gibi tar\u0131m\u0131n da finansalla\u015fmas\u0131, \u00fcretken sermayeye hizmet eden \u201csa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131\u201d bir \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecini \u201casalakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p\u201d tali k\u0131lmayacakt\u0131r. Tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde 1970\u2019lerden, belki de 1990\u2019lardan itibaren uygulamaya konan birikim rejimi, \u00fcretim modelinin kurumsalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imde yeniden \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesidir. Bu nedenle, \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin finansalla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131, onlarca y\u0131ll\u0131k sol s\u00f6ylemin onaylad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u201ciyi\u201d \u00fcretken sermayeye kar\u015f\u0131t olarak finansal sermayenin bir \u201cya\u011fmas\u0131\u201d olarak de\u011ferlendirmemeli, bir yandan finansalla\u015fman\u0131n k\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n gerekliliklerini alttan alta nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fini, art\u0131k yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n de\u011fil, anl\u0131k k\u00e2r\u0131n yarar\u0131na oldu\u011funu, di\u011fer yandan Fordist birikim rejiminin sona ermesinden itibaren \u00fcretken yeniden \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle uyum sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmeliyiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yeniden OTP\u2019ye odakland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, bas\u0131ndan da a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z gibi, 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardan sonra fiyat g\u00fcvencesine, 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardan itibaren ise do\u011frudan s\u00fcbvansiyona ve fiyat kontrollerine son verildi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bulgulardan hareketle OTP s\u00fcbvansiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131k \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin gelirinin ortalama %80\u2019ini temsil etti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu miktar ayn\u0131 zamanda, bug\u00fcne kadarki en b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00fct\u00e7e kalemi olan toplam AB harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n %40\u2019\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131na tekab\u00fcl ediyor. Ancak Avrupa, belirlenen hedefler do\u011frultusunda tar\u0131m politikas\u0131 konusunda yetersiz kal\u0131yor. Onun do\u011frudan piyasaya dayal\u0131 fiyat olu\u015fumu ve uluslararas\u0131 tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin serbest dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131 sistemini dayatan son hatta tek g\u00fc\u00e7 oldu\u011funu kabul etmeliyiz. \u201cBrezilya, Hindistan, Rusya, Kanada, Yeni Zelanda, \u00c7in \u00f6rneklerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi di\u011fer t\u00fcm b\u00fcy\u00fck ihracat\u00e7\u0131 \u00fclkeler, g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve egemenli\u011fi ad\u0131na ve \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerinin gelirini korumak amac\u0131yla bu politikadan vazge\u00e7ti. Bu \u00fclkelerin tamam\u0131 tar\u0131m\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in d\u00fczenleyici ve koruyucu \u00f6nlemler benimsemi\u015f ve zaman zaman g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergilerini, hatta ihracat ve ithalat yasaklar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden uygulamaya koymu\u015flard\u0131r.\u201d7<\/a><\/sup> Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri bir ad\u0131m daha ileride, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc New Deal\u2019dan devrald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tar\u0131m\u0131 d\u00fczenleme ve koruma politikas\u0131ndan hi\u00e7bir zaman vazge\u00e7medi. Ya\u015fananlar\u0131 d\u00fcnya ekonomisi ba\u011flam\u0131nda, ak\u0131nt\u0131ya kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir k\u0131tan\u0131n periferile\u015ftirilmesi \u015feklinde tahlil edebiliriz…8<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak yan\u0131lg\u0131ya d\u00fc\u015fmemeliyiz. Tar\u0131msal g\u0131da meselelerinin siyasalla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n merkezinde jeopolitik dinamiklerin yer almas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni, konunun k\u00fcreselle\u015fme ba\u011flam\u0131nda yeniden m\u00fczakere edilmesidir. Gelecekte \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen uzla\u015fman\u0131n m\u00fczakeresi hem jeopolitik d\u00fczeyde ve toplumsal \u00f6l\u00e7ekte sermayedar s\u0131n\u0131f nezdinde hem de \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n iki asli s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dahas\u0131, kapitalist birikim tarihine i\u00e7kin ve tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc niteleyen bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fin tahlili de b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda yetersiz b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131yor. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli aile \u00e7iftliklerinin ortadan kalkmas\u0131n\u0131n ve i\u015fleyi\u015fin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerine dahil edilmesinin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Marksizm tarihinde uzun s\u00fcredir \u201ctar\u0131m sorunu\u201dnun en \u00f6nemli konusu olmu\u015ftur. Ancak s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen ge\u00e7i\u015f ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm meselesinin tahlili boyutla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli\u201d tar\u0131msal i\u015fletmeden \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli\u201d tar\u0131msal i\u015fletmeye ge\u00e7i\u015f tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r oysa bu hususta dikkat edilmesi gereken terim \u201caile\u201d \u00e7ift\u00e7ili\u011fidir. Bu tart\u0131\u015fmada bir ad\u0131m daha ileri gidersek, \u00e7iftliklerin birle\u015ftirilmesine ra\u011fmen, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck aile m\u00fclkiyetinin daima kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n \u2013bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcye kadar \u00f6zg\u00fcr b\u0131rak\u0131lsalar da\u2013 g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olarak s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcyle tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtebiliriz. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck aile \u00e7iftli\u011finin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesinin nedenlerinden biri, bu toplumsal yap\u0131n\u0131n tarih boyunca g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131kt\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ev i\u00e7i eme\u011finin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcnden ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f neredeyse imk\u00e2ns\u0131z bir olgudur. \u00d6te yandan, kula\u011fa \u00e7eli\u015fkili gelse de, hem Avrupa genelinde hem de Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck aile \u00e7iftliklerinin korunmas\u0131 talebi uzun s\u00fcredir tar\u0131m politikalar\u0131n\u0131n merkezinde yer al\u0131yor. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7iftliklerden m\u00fcte\u015fekkil bir co\u011frafi \u015febekede huzursuzluk \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 durumunda bir t\u00fcr rezervi, bir emniyet valfini temsil eden bu sistem, devlet nezdinde daima hem g\u0131da eri\u015fimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hem de ideolojik d\u00fczeyde ulusal \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n muhafazas\u0131n\u0131 \u015fekillendirmeye hizmet etmi\u015ftir. \u0130dealle\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma d\u00fczeni ve geleneksel aile yap\u0131lar\u0131na dayanan yerelci ve vatansever de\u011ferlerin arka plan\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmak devletlerin \u00f6nceli\u011fidir. Bu tart\u0131\u015fma, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn az \u00e7ok \u201cdo\u011fal\u201d bir \u015fekilde ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc vurgulayan Lenin ile Rus pop\u00fclistleri ve her \u015feyden \u00f6nce bu s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc bi\u00e7iminin ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc uzun \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc hakk\u0131yla vurgulayan ve onu idealize eden \u00c7ayanov\u2019u kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya getiren tart\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak Fordizmin sonu, yeni bir i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc bile\u015fimini ima ediyor. 1970\u2019lerde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00fccretli i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131na kitlesel giri\u015fini takip eden s\u00fcre\u00e7te aile yap\u0131lar\u0131 da buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak geli\u015fmeye devam ediyor. K\u0131rsal \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde bir insan\u0131n eme\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hayat\u0131n\u0131 tek bir patronun emri alt\u0131nda ge\u00e7irme zorunlulu\u011fu ve bask\u0131s\u0131 ortadan kalkt\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ili\u015fkileri ve toplumsal yap\u0131 30-40 y\u0131l \u00f6nceki gibi de\u011fil. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, uzmanlar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck aile \u00e7iftliklerinin can \u00e7eki\u015fmekte oldu\u011fu konusunda hemfikir olsalar da, sebep belki de sermaye yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda ezilmesi de\u011fil, \u00e7ekirdek ve ataerkil aile bi\u00e7imlerinin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131n\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bug\u00fcn<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Yaz\u0131n\u0131n giri\u015finde de belirtti\u011fimiz gibi, tarlalarda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren toplumsal ili\u015fkileri somut ko\u015fullar\u0131yla tahlil edebilmek \u00f6nemli. Yery\u00fcz\u00fc Ayaklanmalar\u0131 Kolektifi (Les Soul\u00e8vements de la Terre), \u201ck\u00f6yl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131\u201d destekleyen bas\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131nda, prod\u00fcktivizm ele\u015ftirisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan al\u0131\u015f\u0131lagelmi\u015f sol kli\u015feleri yeniden \u00fcretmenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, asl\u0131nda k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131na sahip olmayan Uber \u015fof\u00f6rlerine benzetiyor. Bu kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma, her ne kadar siyasi retorik i\u00e7in kolay ve pratik olsa da, basit bir nedenden dolay\u0131 kesinlikle ge\u00e7erli de\u011fildir. Platform \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretim arac\u0131 nedir? \u00dcretim arac\u0131 araba ya da bisiklet de\u011fil, platformun kendisidir. Hizmet i\u015fini organize edecek ve restoranlar\u0131 birbirine ba\u011flayacak bir algoritma olmadan, komisyon elde etmek imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r ve bu nedenle kuryeler platformlar\u0131n dolayl\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in yasal d\u00fczenlemeye tabi stat\u00fcy\u00fc elde etmek \u00fczere m\u00fccadele etmektedir. Tar\u0131mda durum daha farkl\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7ift\u00e7iler bo\u011fazlar\u0131na kadar bor\u00e7 i\u00e7inde olsalar da arazilerini, tarlalar\u0131n\u0131, trakt\u00f6rlerini ipotek ettirseler de yine de m\u00fclk sahibi olarak kalabiliyor. Onlar\u0131 platform \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131ran retori\u011fin dayana\u011f\u0131, end\u00fcstrile\u015fen tar\u0131m\u0131n de\u011fer zincirlerine has elveri\u015fsiz pozisyonlard\u0131r ve g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re \u00e7ift\u00e7iler g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e tekel konumundaki b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u0131da sat\u0131n alma merkezlerinin kontrol\u00fcnde sipari\u015f de alabiliyorlar. Ancak proleter durumu tan\u0131mlayan, de\u011fer zincirlerindeki dezavantajl\u0131 konum de\u011fildir; bilakis proleter durum, m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirmeyle tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, de\u011fer zincirlerindeki pozisyonlar\u0131n analizi, sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn ve mevcut hareketin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve b\u00fcy\u00fck aras\u0131ndaki potansiyel \u00e7eli\u015fkiyi anlamak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli olsa da, hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde proleter durumun temel unsuru de\u011fildir. Tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde ge\u00e7erli \u00fccretler hakk\u0131nda fikir sahibi olmak i\u00e7in \u015funu bilmeniz gerekir: 2010\u2019da 966.000 olan toplam i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131 2020\u2019de 758.000\u2019e, aile i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc ise 207.000\u2019den 91.000\u2019e d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve bu durum, 100.000\u2019den fazla \u00e7iftlik patronu ve orta\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sekt\u00f6rden \u00e7ekilmesinden kaynaklan\u0131yor. Eksiklik, sekt\u00f6rde devaml\u0131 aile d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan olan 170.000\u2019den fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n eme\u011fiyle kar\u015f\u0131lanmaktad\u0131r ve bu say\u0131 artma e\u011filimindedir. Mevsimlik i\u015f\u00e7ileri de eklersek tarlada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan her 3 ki\u015fiden biri \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde say\u0131l\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, daha \u00f6nce de belirtti\u011fimiz gibi, aile i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn (\u00e7o\u011funlukla kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar) pay\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesine ra\u011fmen, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerinin ayn\u0131 oran ve h\u0131zda azalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemliyor ve emek s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na tan\u0131k oluyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Genel ve sekt\u00f6rel gelir yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6zlemlemek gerekir. Medyan\u0131n \u00fczerinde durdu\u011fu gibi, Fransa\u2019da her be\u015f tar\u0131mla ge\u00e7inen haneden biri yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda ya\u015f\u0131yorsa, sekt\u00f6rler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ger\u00e7ekte bu oran\u0131n hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kta her d\u00f6rt haneden biri, tah\u0131l ve tarla yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finde ise her on haneden biri oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 da ayn\u0131 seyri izlemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu istatistikleri \u00e7ift\u00e7iler \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde s\u00fcren eylemlerde duydu\u011fumuz ve g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz taleplerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rsak, te\u015fhis olduk\u00e7a net: Tah\u0131l \u00e7ift\u00e7ileri ve hayvanc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 ayn\u0131 de\u011fil ve tarlalardan y\u00fckselen maa\u015f art\u0131\u015f\u0131 hayk\u0131r\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde \u00fccretler veya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 konusunda herhangi bir talep dile getirilmiyor. Hareketin bile\u015fenleri bir olmasa da baz\u0131 talepler ortak cephelerin olu\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir, ancak daha \u00f6nce de belirtti\u011fimiz \u00fczere kimi hayatta kalma m\u00fccadelesi verirken kimi pastadan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck pay almak i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele ediyor. \u0130syan eden \u00e7ift\u00e7ileri neyin bir araya getirdi\u011fini kavramak i\u00e7in Br\u00fcksel\u2019de, Avrupa Ye\u015fil Mutabakat\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ve dekarbonziasyon odakl\u0131 yeniden yap\u0131lanma s\u00fcrecinde ya\u015fananlar\u0131 anlamam\u0131z gerekiyor. \u00d6zellikle de bu hareket bir bak\u0131ma Avrupal\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, her biri kendi ulusal sorunlar\u0131yla u\u011fra\u015fmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, farkl\u0131 \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda ayn\u0131 zamanda dayan\u0131\u015fma da olu\u015fuyor, her \u00fclke daha fazla korumac\u0131l\u0131k talep ediyor ve Avrupa s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde haks\u0131z rekabete kar\u015f\u0131 isyan ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2023 OTP\u2019nin ve Avrupa Ye\u015fil Mutabakat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n derhal b\u00fcy\u00fcme sa\u011flamas\u0131 beklenmiyor, bu re\u00e7ete ne solun onlarca y\u0131ld\u0131r bekledi\u011fi Keynesyen toparlanmay\u0131 ne de sermaye i\u00e7in krizden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yolunu temsil ediyor. Tam tersine bunu yakla\u015fan krize kar\u015f\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131k olarak de\u011ferlendirmeliyiz. Bir yandan, e\u011fer g\u0131da egemenli\u011fi bu denli \u00f6nemli bir konu haline geldiyse, bunun k\u00fcreselle\u015fme kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 sloganlardan de\u011fil, uluslararas\u0131 ticaretin ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan, ge\u00e7ici b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi yeniden canland\u0131rma m\u00fccadelesi, dijital teknolojide elde edilen \u00fcretkenlik kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n genelle\u015ftirilmesi ve her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, kapitalist perspektif dahilinde giderek daha gerekli hale gelen fosil enerjiden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f, \u00fcretken toparlanmay\u0131 ve sistemin zorunlu olarak kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalaca\u011f\u0131 olumsuz ekolojik d\u0131\u015fsall\u0131klar\u0131 ve krizleri azaltmak i\u00e7in yeni alanlar a\u00e7may\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yor. Haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 yap\u0131lan, giderek \u015fekle ve \u015femaile b\u00fcr\u00fcnen yeniden yap\u0131lanma, temel olarak dekarbonizasyon dinami\u011fini ajandas\u0131n\u0131n merkezine koyacakt\u0131r. Ekonomilerimizin \u00e7evre korumac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelmesi kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n hayatta kalmas\u0131n\u0131n ko\u015fuludur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu isyan, Avrupa Ye\u015fil Mutabakat\u0131 etraf\u0131ndaki yeni politikalar\u0131n zeminine oturtuluyor ve bir bak\u0131ma belki de krizin patlak vermesinden sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak gelecekteki sosyal uzla\u015fman\u0131n m\u00fczakere zeminini temsil ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir yanda, giderek daha az \u00e7ekirdek aile yap\u0131s\u0131na dayanan (\u00e7iftliklerin yaln\u0131zca %18\u2019inde evli \u00e7iftler var) ve ya\u015fam kaynaklar\u0131 do\u011frudan tehdit edilen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin hayatta kalma talepleri var. 1970\u2019ten bu yana her on y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k %20 oran\u0131nda azalan toplam tar\u0131msal i\u015fletme say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurursak, bu rakamlar\u0131n sermaye ve arazi yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131ndaki hareketler (bir i\u015fletmenin ortalama y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc 1970\u2019te 19 hektar iken 2020\u2019de 69 hektara \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r) ve yabanc\u0131 sermayeyi bar\u0131nd\u0131rabilecek kurumsal bir s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc bi\u00e7iminin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla anlam kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz ya da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7iftliklere y\u00f6nelik Ye\u015fil Anla\u015fma s\u00fcbvansiyonlar\u0131 (ki bu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kendilerini giri\u015fimci olarak g\u00f6ren ve en modern agroekoloji teknolojilerini uygulamaya haz\u0131r yeni gen\u00e7 \u00e7ift\u00e7ileri desteklemeyi ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r) da bu gidi\u015fatta pay sahibidir. Bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen bile\u015fenlerin tamam\u0131, kendi yeniden \u00fcretim krizini ya\u015fayan ve yok olman\u0131n e\u015fi\u011finde bulunan tar\u0131m\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. 2030 itibar\u0131yla mevcut \u00fcreticilerin yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n emekli olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ne ekonomik durumun ne de miras haklar\u0131n\u0131n faaliyetin devam\u0131na elveri\u015fli oldu\u011funu da ekleyelim. Bu isyan \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin neredeyse tamam\u0131 i\u00e7in k\u00f6pr\u00fcden \u00f6nceki son \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f anlam\u0131na geliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6te yandan, \u00fcretimin daha agroekolojik bi\u00e7imlere y\u00f6nelen evrimi, halihaz\u0131rda yat\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 sabit sermaye, art\u0131k alamayacaklar\u0131 s\u00fcbvansiyonlar ve standartlardaki art\u0131\u015f nedeniyle ya\u015fanacak potansiyel ihracat dezavantajlar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 konumlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmek istemeyen b\u00fcy\u00fck tar\u0131msal end\u00fcstriler i\u00e7in maliyetli olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu nedenle, ekolojik ge\u00e7i\u015f m\u00fccadelesi i\u00e7inde<\/em> bir tarafta hayatta kalmak i\u00e7in ve mutlak proleterle\u015fmeye kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele eden bir kesim, di\u011fer tarafta ise pazar paylar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele eden bir kesim var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu denli heterojen bir kompozisyonun arkas\u0131ndaki ortak birle\u015ftirici cephe, \u201ctar\u0131m\u0131n ulusal ekonomideki yerinin savunulmas\u0131 ile k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli aile m\u00fclkiyeti ile ili\u015fkilendirilen k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ve devaml\u0131 sosyalizmle ili\u015fkilendirilen modern \u015fehir hayat\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ulusal kimli\u011fin sembolleri ve garant\u00f6rleri olarak k\u0131rsal bir d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kutsanmas\u0131\u201d9<\/a><\/sup> ile kendini g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131lan eski tar\u0131m ideolojisidir. \u00dcstelik bug\u00fcn \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir ulusal ideoloji, geni\u015f bir yelpazede komplo teorisyenleri, Yahudi kar\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131 ve kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaratan di\u011fer ki\u015filerle ili\u015fkilenmeyi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131l\u0131yor. Ancak hareketin fa\u015fist karakteri hakk\u0131nda b\u0131kt\u0131r\u0131ncaya kadar s\u00f6ylenmenin (ad nauseam)<\/em> ve onu sadece bu prizmadan de\u011ferlendirmenin sonu\u00e7suz kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz. Dahas\u0131, bir tar\u0131m sendikas\u0131 olan Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration Paysanne vd. gibi \u201cprod\u00fcktivizme\u201d kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele eden, nispeten kabul edilebilir s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc bi\u00e7imlerine \u201cgeri d\u00f6nmek\u201d isteyen, do\u011fa ve toprakla farkl\u0131 bir ili\u015fkiyi taahh\u00fct eden bir k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck efsanesine g\u00fcvenmek de ayn\u0131 derecede temelsiz g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Bu a\u015famada prod\u00fcktivizm \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen ele\u015ftiri, toplumsal ili\u015fkiler temelinde \u015fekillenen ele\u015ftirinin yerini almaktad\u0131r.10<\/a><\/sup> Hakikatle y\u00fczle\u015fmek ve \u201c\u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin bu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc e\u011filimden muaf olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek, b\u00f6ylece k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kendi i\u00e7indeki s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin \u00e7eli\u015fkilerini g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131lmak daha uygundur: Siyasi etkisi \u00e7ok daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olan giri\u015fimcili\u011fi ve kendi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tehdit eden proleterle\u015fmeden kurtulmay\u0131 isteyen bir kesim s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu olu\u015fturuyor, prod\u00fcktivizmden sak\u0131nmak isteyen di\u011fer kesim ise az\u0131nl\u0131kta kal\u0131yor. K\u00f6yl\u00fcler tarihin bizzat akt\u00f6rleri olmakla beraber,\u00a0 Marx\u2019\u0131n dedi\u011fi gibi, asl\u0131nda tarihsel bir \u00fcr\u00fcn olduklar\u0131 hakikatine yabanc\u0131la\u015f\u0131rlar ve edimleri de i\u00e7ine g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fckleri ve bir an bile \u00e7\u0131kmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmedikleri iktisadi ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi yans\u0131t\u0131r.\u201d11<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n Gabriel Attal\u2019\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131, kendine has \u00f6zellikleri bulunan Fransa d\u00fczeyinde, burada y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz tart\u0131\u015fmaya paralel olarak, harekete en az\u0131ndan bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine son verecek gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. H\u00fck\u00fcmet, \u00f6zellikle OTP \u00f6demelerindeki gecikmeleri telafi etmek i\u00e7in s\u00fcbvansiyonlar\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 tercih etti ve baz\u0131 pestisitlere uygulanan yasaktan geri ad\u0131m att\u0131. B\u00f6ylece sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck\u201dlerine, yeni sa\u011fl\u0131k ve ekoloji standartlar\u0131n\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in fazladan s\u00fcre verilmi\u015f oldu ve pazardaki ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 konumlar\u0131n\u0131 muhafaza edebilmeleri i\u00e7in kendi h\u0131zlar\u0131nda uyum sa\u011flamalar\u0131 olana\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131nd\u0131. \u201cK\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\u201d olanlar ise her zamanki gibi g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edildi ve tar\u0131m sendikac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7eli\u015fkileri patlak vermedi\u011fi i\u00e7in ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz proleterle\u015fmeyi beklemek \u00fczere evlerine d\u00f6nmek zorunda kald\u0131lar. Ancak \u00f6fke, oldu\u011fu yerde duruyor. Tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle sarsan bir kesiminin \u0131st\u0131rab\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir sessizlikte mi ya\u015fanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, yoksa ba\u015fka isyan bi\u00e7imlerinin mi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki g\u00fcnlerde g\u00f6rece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu hareketin ve takip\u00e7ilerinin muhafazak\u00e2r dinamiklerini ve bir ihtimal bu s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fma umutlar\u0131n\u0131 anlaman\u0131n ancak s\u0131n\u0131fsal bir analizle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilece\u011fini ifade ediyoruz. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla perspektifler, hareketin bile\u015fimindeki bu i\u00e7 \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin patlamas\u0131nda yatmaktad\u0131r ki bu da hareketin kendi temellerinin sorgulanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yar\u0131n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Belirtti\u011fimiz \u00fczere bu hareketin, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 a\u015famadas\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7i\u015f\/yeniden yap\u0131lanma s\u00fcrecinin i\u00e7erisinde olan<\/em> bir hareket oldu\u011funu vurgulamak istiyoruz. Gelecekte tan\u0131k olaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00e7ok say\u0131da m\u00fccadelenin ekolojik \u00f6nlemlere kar\u015f\u0131 a priori <\/em>bi\u00e7imde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 riskinin nedeni burada yat\u0131yor. B\u00fct\u00fcn zorluk; ister \u00f6d\u00fcl ceza takti\u011fiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilsin, ister nihai olarak krizin hafifletilmesine, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesine ya da derinle\u015ftirilmesine katk\u0131da bulunsun, sermayenin mutlak h\u00e2kimiyeti alt\u0131nda al\u0131nan her kapitalist ekolojik \u00f6nlemin s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131nda bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma an\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l belirleyece\u011fini anlayabilmekte. Sermaye taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nan hi\u00e7bir \u00f6nlem, tar\u0131mla temel \u00e7eli\u015fkinin \u00fcstesinden gelmemize m\u00fcsaade etmeyecektir: \u201ctek tek tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin yeti\u015ftirilmesinin piyasa fiyatlar\u0131ndaki dalgalanmalara ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fin fiyat dalgalanmalar\u0131yla birlikte durmadan de\u011fi\u015fmesi, kapitalist \u00fcretimin bir sonraki parasal kazan\u00e7tan ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir \u015feyi g\u00f6zetmeyen t\u00fcm ruhu, birbirlerini izleyen insan ku\u015faklar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm s\u00fcrekli ya\u015famsal gereksinimlerini y\u00f6netmesi gereken tar\u0131mla \u00e7eli\u015fir.\u201d12<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu nedenle, ancak sermayenin yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelecek her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ekolojik planlamaya kar\u015f\u0131, felaket perspektifini, felaket kom\u00fcnizmi perspektifini ortaya koymak istiyoruz. Felaketlerin kom\u00fcnizasyonu<\/em>13<\/a><\/sup> de\u011fil, felaket olarak<\/em> kom\u00fcnizm. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere verilen \u201cParis ku\u015fatmas\u0131\u201d vaadi s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u201ctedarik kesintisi oldu\u011funda Paris\u2019in yaln\u0131zca 3 g\u00fcn yetecek g\u0131da \u00f6zerkli\u011fine sahip olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u201d alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izen son bas\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131 ele alal\u0131m.14<\/a><\/sup> Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kom\u00fcnist ayaklanman\u0131n, di\u011fer \u015feylerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, en az\u0131ndan b\u00f6lgesel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte15<\/a><\/sup> lojistik a\u011flar\u0131 kesintiye u\u011frataca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek, birka\u00e7 milyon insan\u0131n \u015fehirden g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeden devrim tahayy\u00fcl edilemez. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kom\u00fcnizmi, hakikatle y\u00fczle\u015fen, devrimci bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n temsil edebilece\u011fi ciddiyete ve beraberinde getirece\u011fi k\u00f6kl\u00fc kopu\u015fa odaklanan bir felaket olarak ele al\u0131yoruz.16<\/a><\/sup> Ancak var olan\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131ran bir hareket olarak kom\u00fcnizm, insan t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirebilecek ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla onun canl\u0131larla ili\u015fkisinde antropolojik bir de\u011fi\u015fim yaratabilecek tek perspektiftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Felaket kom\u00fcnizmi, yata\u011f\u0131ndan ta\u015fan ve yoluna \u00e7\u0131kan her \u015feyi d\u00fcmd\u00fcz eden nehrin felaketidir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinin u\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z nehrinin ayn\u0131 zamanda kar\u015f\u0131 konulamaz ve tehditk\u00e2r selleri de var. Sel sular\u0131 y\u00fckseldi\u011finde kendisini \u00e7evreleyen iki bendin aras\u0131ndan \u00e7a\u011flayarak akar. Sa\u011fda, mevcut ve geleneksel bi\u00e7imlerin korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in konformist bir bent var \u2013 alay d\u00fczeninde ilahi s\u00f6yleyen rahiplerin, devriye gezen polislerin ve jandarmalar\u0131n, resm\u00ee yalanlar\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131fsal skolastik felsefeyi a\u011fz\u0131na sak\u0131z eden okul m\u00fcd\u00fcrlerinin ve \u015farlatanlar\u0131n bitmeyen ge\u00e7i\u015f t\u00f6reni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Solda kendini halka adam\u0131\u015flar\u0131n, oport\u00fcnizmin profesyonellerinin, parlamenterlerin ve meslek \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131n bir araya geldi\u011fi reformist bendi g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Ak\u0131nt\u0131n\u0131n her iki taraf\u0131nda hakaretler savuran iki alay, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc nehrin bask\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f ve zorlanm\u0131\u015f seyrini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesini sa\u011flayacak re\u00e7eteye sahip olduklar\u0131n\u0131 iddia ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak tarihin b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131nda, ak\u0131nt\u0131 t\u00fcm engelleri a\u015far, yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131 terk eder ve Guastalla ve Volano\u2019daki Po gibi beklenmedik bir y\u00f6ne \u201cs\u0131\u00e7rar\u201d, birbirinden menfur iki grubu devrimin kar\u015f\u0131 konulmaz dalgas\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131r, eskiye dair bentleri y\u0131karak topluma ve d\u00fcnyaya yeni bir y\u00fcz kazand\u0131r\u0131r.<\/strong>\u201d17<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n Okuma \u00f6nerileri:<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/tablo1-1-1024x656.jpg\")
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