{"id":35279,"date":"2024-02-18T18:30:54","date_gmt":"2024-02-18T15:30:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/?p=35279"},"modified":"2024-02-22T18:27:43","modified_gmt":"2024-02-22T15:27:43","slug":"dijital-emek-ve-emperyalizm-christian-fuchs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/2024\/dijital-emek-ve-emperyalizm-christian-fuchs\/","title":{"rendered":"Dijital emek ve emperyalizm – Christian Fuchs"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

DOSYA:<\/strong> Neoliberal D\u00f6nemde Emperyalizm Tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 III<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir s\u00fcredir emperyalizm tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne \u015fahit oluyoruz. Sovyetlerin da\u011f\u0131lma s\u00fcrecinin ard\u0131ndan kapitalizmin k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesi, gezegen \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde kapsay\u0131c\u0131 hale gelmesi ve her yerde neoliberal politikalar\u0131n uygulamaya konmas\u0131yla birlikte emperyalizm tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da bir d\u00f6nem ask\u0131ya al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ya da \u00e7er\u00e7evesini yeni k\u00fcresel duruma adapte edemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in g\u00fcnceli a\u00e7\u0131klamakta zorlan\u0131r hale gelmi\u015fti. NATO\u2019nun k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmalar\u0131 \u00fczerine Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Ukrayna\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgali, \u0130srail\u2019in Gazze\u2019de Filistinlilere kar\u015f\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131m giri\u015fimi gibi y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 olaylar ve \u00c7in\u2019in k\u00fcresel pazar \u00fczerindeki etkisinin Bat\u0131 kapitalizminde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 huzursuzluk bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yeniden ba\u015flatman\u0131n gerekli, hatta ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu\u011funu ortaya serdi. Biz de bu teorik aray\u0131\u015fa katk\u0131 ad\u0131na ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz 40 y\u0131ldan tart\u0131\u015fmaya de\u011fer buldu\u011fumuz, h\u00e2l\u00e2 g\u00fcncelli\u011fini koruyan ya da bug\u00fcnk\u00fc duruma \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutma potansiyeli olan yaz\u0131lar\u0131 bir dosya halinde \u201cNeoliberal D\u00f6nemde Emperyalizm Tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yay\u0131mlamaya devam ediyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neoliberal d\u00f6neme damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran ve belli a\u00e7\u0131lardan onun kendini yeniden \u00fcretmesini kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran maddi geli\u015fmenin bilgi teknolojileri alan\u0131nda oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. \u0130ntenetin, sanal d\u00fcnyalar\u0131n, sosyal medyan\u0131n ciddi bir yer kaplamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplumsal hayata dair y\u0131llard\u0131r bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 perspektiften yaz\u0131l\u0131p \u00e7iziliyor. Avusturyal\u0131 medya teorisyeni Christian Fuchs ise y\u0131llard\u0131r bu teknolojilerin ve toplumsal varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n emek s\u00fcre\u00e7leri \u00fczerindeki etkilerine dair yeni bir bak\u0131\u015f \u00fcretmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. \u201cDijital emek\u201d kavram\u0131 \u00e7evresinde marksist kavramlara yaslanarak ve bilgi a\u011f\u0131 kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 da emek s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine dahil ederek olu\u015fturdu\u011fu teorinin tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaya ve ele\u015ftiriye olduk\u00e7a a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011funu, kendi i\u00e7inde \u00e7eli\u015fkiler i\u00e7erdi\u011fini belirtmekte fayda var. Fakat bu 2016 tarihli yaz\u0131s\u0131nda Fuchs bilgi teknolojilerinin maddi \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini ve bunun k\u00fcresel alanda yay\u0131lma bi\u00e7imlerini olduk\u00e7a ilgin\u00e7 ve ortaya \u00f6nemli tart\u0131\u015fmalar atacak \u015fekilde ele al\u0131yor, k\u00fcresel fabrikan\u0131n bili\u015fim sekt\u00f6r\u00fc katmanlar\u0131n\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7 ili\u015fkilerini sorguluyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Dijital emek ve emperyalizm<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lenin’in Emperyalizm: Kapitalizmin En Y\u00fcksek A\u015famas\u0131<\/em> (1916), Buharin’in Emperyalizm ve D\u00fcnya Ekonomisi<\/em> (1915) ve Rosa Luxemburg’un Sermayenin Birikimi<\/em> (1913) adl\u0131 kitaplar\u0131nda emperyalizmden kapitalizmin bir g\u00fcc\u00fc ve arac\u0131 olarak bahsetmelerinin \u00fczerinden bir as\u0131r ge\u00e7ti. D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131, tekeller, antitr\u00f6st yasalar\u0131, \u00fccret zamm\u0131 i\u00e7in grevler, Ford’un montaj hatt\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmesi, Ekim Devrimi, Meksika Devrimi, sonuca ula\u015famayan Alman devrimi ve \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131, kapitalizme kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fcresel meydan okumalar\u0131n yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve derinle\u015fti\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu makale, klasik marksizmde emperyalizm kavram\u0131na verilen rol\u00fc uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan incelemekte ve bu fikirleri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki bilgi ve bilgi teknolojileri \u00fcretimindeki uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan geni\u015fletmektedir. Kapitalist inovasyon ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn en yeni s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olarak dijital eme\u011fin, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f emperyalizmin yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n merkezinde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunaca\u011f\u0131m. Bu klasik kavramlardan yola \u00e7\u0131kan bu analiz, yeni emperyalizmde bilgi end\u00fcstrilerinin en yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ekonomik sekt\u00f6rlerden birini olu\u015fturdu\u011funu; hiper-sanayile\u015fme, finans ve enformasyonalizmin i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7ti\u011fini; \u00e7okuluslu enformasyon \u015firketlerinin ulus devletlere dayansalar da k\u00fcresel olarak faaliyet g\u00f6sterdiklerini ve enformasyon teknolojisinin bir sava\u015f arac\u0131 haline geldi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.1<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Emperyalizmi tan\u0131mlamak<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lenin, 1916 tarihli “Halk\u0131 Ama\u00e7layan Bir Deneme” alt ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda emperyalizmi \u015fu \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cTekellerin ve finans kapitalin egemenli\u011finin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131; sermaye ihrac\u0131n\u0131n birinci planda \u00f6nem kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 tr\u00f6stler aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu ve d\u00fcnyadaki b\u00fct\u00fcn topraklar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck kapitalist \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesinin tamamlanm\u0131\u015f bulundu\u011fu bir geli\u015fme a\u015famas\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f kapitalizmdir.\u201d2<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buharin ve Preobrazhensky emperyalizmi “hammadde kaynaklar\u0131 ve sermayenin yat\u0131r\u0131m yapabilece\u011fi yerler i\u00e7in pazar m\u00fccadelesinde finans kapitalin izledi\u011fi fetih politikas\u0131” olarak ele alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.3<\/a><\/sup> Lenin’in \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131 ve 1917’den 1929’a kadar Pravda<\/em>‘n\u0131n edit\u00f6r\u00fc olan Buharin, Lenin’in emperyalizmin temel \u00f6zellikleri listesine benzer sonu\u00e7lar \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f, emperyalizmi “finans kapitalizminin bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc” olarak tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015f ve “finans kapitalin emperyalist politikadan ba\u015fka bir politika izleyemeyece\u011fini” savunmu\u015ftur.4<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buharin’e g\u00f6re emperyalizm ayn\u0131 zamanda zorunlu olarak bir devlet kapitalizmi bi\u00e7imidir ve ulus devletlerden ziyade \u015firketlerin d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki hakimiyetine dayanan neoliberalizm ba\u011flam\u0131nda uygulanmas\u0131 zor bir kavramd\u0131r. Uluslar\u0131, k\u00fcresel sava\u015fa yol a\u00e7an “d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda bir m\u00fccadeleye” kilitlenmi\u015f “devlet kapitalisti tr\u00f6stler” olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu.5<\/a><\/sup> Buharin’e g\u00f6re emperyalizm, hepsi de “sermayeyi merkezile\u015ftirmeyi ve kendi ellerinde toplamay\u0131” ama\u00e7layan bu tr\u00f6stler aras\u0131ndaki “rekabetin ifadesidir”.6<\/a><\/sup> Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Lenin, “emperyalizmin temel bir \u00f6zelli\u011finin, birka\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcc\u00fcn hegemonya i\u00e7in, yani do\u011frudan kendileri i\u00e7in de\u011fil ama kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131 zay\u0131flatmak ve onun hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131 sarsmak i\u00e7in toprak fethetme m\u00fccadelesi oldu\u011funu” yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.7<\/a><\/sup> Lenin’in “b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7ler” aras\u0131ndaki rekabet form\u00fclasyonu, Buharin’in devlet kapitalisti tr\u00f6stler kavram\u0131ndan daha dikkatlidir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc hem \u015firketleri hem de devletleri kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rosa Luxemburg’a g\u00f6re emperyalizm, sermaye birikiminin \u015fiddet yoluyla co\u011frafi ve siyasi olarak yay\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cKapitalist olmayan \u00e7evrenin hala a\u00e7\u0131k olan k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7in rekabet\u00e7i m\u00fccadele…. Kapitalist \u00fclkelerin h\u0131zla geli\u015fmesi ve kapitalist olmayan alanlar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irme konusunda giderek daha \u015fiddetli bir rekabet i\u00e7ine girmeleriyle birlikte, emperyalizm hem kapitalist olmayan d\u00fcnyaya kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hem de rekabet halindeki kapitalist \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda giderek daha ciddi \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara yol a\u00e7arak kanunsuzluk ve \u015fiddeti artt\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Ancak emperyalizm kapitalist olmayan uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne ne kadar \u015fiddetli, ac\u0131mas\u0131z ve kapsaml\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yol a\u00e7arsa, kapitalist birikimin ayaklar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki zemini de o kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kayd\u0131r\u0131r.\u201d8<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Luxemburg, sermayenin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc k\u00fcresel \u00e7apta yaymak, “d\u00fcnyan\u0131n t\u00fcm \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerini kullanmak i\u00e7in d\u00fcnya emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc hi\u00e7bir k\u0131s\u0131tlama olmaks\u0131z\u0131n seferber etmek” istedi\u011fini savunur.9<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ne olursa olsun, Lenin, Buharin ve Luxemburg, emperyalizmin “kapitalizmin son a\u015famas\u0131 “10<\/a><\/sup> ya da “\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcyen kapitalizm”in bir bi\u00e7imi11<\/a><\/sup> oldu\u011fu ve sonu\u00e7 olarak “burjuvazinin y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu\u011fu” inanc\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131rlar.12<\/a><\/sup> Bu t\u00fcr ifadeler yaln\u0131zca d\u00f6nemin devrimcilerinin hissetti\u011fi siyasi iyimserli\u011fi de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda sistemin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc varsayan, o zamanlar yayg\u0131n olan yap\u0131salc\u0131 ve i\u015flevselci kapitalizm anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 da yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekten de, bu yaz\u0131lar\u0131 k\u0131sa bir refah d\u00f6neminden sonra B\u00fcy\u00fck Buhran ve devam\u0131nda II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n takip edece\u011fi I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 patlak verdi\u011finde yaz\u0131yorlard\u0131, bu da sistemin k\u00fcresel istikrars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131na yeterli deste\u011fi sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. Y\u00fcz y\u0131l sonra kapitalizm h\u00e2l\u00e2 varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Her ne kadar yeni nitelikler kazanm\u0131\u015f olsa da, kapitalizm h\u00e2l\u00e2 emperyalizm olarak nitelendirilebilir ve krize y\u00f6nelik i\u00e7sel e\u011filimlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck patlamalar\u0131n\u0131 da ya\u015famaya devam etmektedir.13<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Emek ve emperyalizm<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lenin, Buharin ve Luxemburg uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc emperyalizmin merkezi bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Lenin buradaki i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc kavram\u0131n\u0131, belirli bankalar\u0131n yat\u0131r\u0131m faaliyetlerini odaklad\u0131klar\u0131 end\u00fcstriler aras\u0131ndaki b\u00f6l\u00fcnme anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131r.14<\/a><\/sup> Mal ihracat\u0131n\u0131n aksine sermaye ihracat\u0131n\u0131 emperyalizmin \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cKapitalizm, kapitalizm olarak kald\u0131k\u00e7a, sermaye fazlas\u0131, belli bir \u00fclkede y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n ya\u015fam d\u00fczeyini y\u00fckseltmeye de\u011fil -\u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu durumda kapitalistlerin kazan\u00e7lar\u0131nda bir azalma s\u00f6zkonusudur-, d\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelere, geri kalm\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelere sermaye ihrac\u0131 yoluyla, bu k\u00e2rlar\u0131 art\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelirler. Geri kalm\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelerde, k\u00e2r her zaman y\u00fcksektir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc buralarda sermaye pek az, toprak fiyat\u0131 nispeten d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, \u00fccretler az, hammadde ucuzdur.\u201d15<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Benzer \u015fekilde, Buharin de Marx’a dayanarak, kent ile k\u0131r aras\u0131nda ve i\u015fletmeler, \u015fubeler, ekonomik altb\u00f6l\u00fcmler ve uluslar aras\u0131ndaki toplumsal i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn -uluslararas\u0131 i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn- kapitalizmin belirleyici bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.16<\/a><\/sup> Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcnme k\u0131smen do\u011fal nedenlere (\u00f6rne\u011fin, “kakao yaln\u0131zca tropikal \u00fclkelerde \u00fcretilebilir “17<\/a><\/sup>) ve k\u0131smen de “farkl\u0131 ekonomik tipler ve farkl\u0131 \u00fcretim alanlar\u0131 yaratan, b\u00f6ylece uluslararas\u0131 toplumsal i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn kapsam\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fleten” “\u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin e\u015fitsiz geli\u015fimi” gibi toplumsal nedenlere ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.”18<\/a><\/sup> Her bir \u00fclkenin eme\u011fi, uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7ekte ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen m\u00fcbadele yoluyla d\u00fcnya toplumsal eme\u011finin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelir.”19<\/a><\/sup> Bir d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131 ve e\u015fitsiz \u00fcretkenlik s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, daha az \u00fcretken \u00fclkeler rekabet edebilmek i\u00e7in metalar\u0131 de\u011ferlerinin alt\u0131nda fiyatlarla satmak zorunda kal\u0131r ve bu da e\u015fitsiz bir m\u00fcbadele sistemine yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rosa Luxemburg emperyalizm anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda “kapitalizm ile kapitalist olmayan \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imleri aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilere” odaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBask\u0131n y\u00f6ntemler s\u00f6m\u00fcrge politikalar\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 kredi sistemi -\u00e7\u0131kar alanlar\u0131 politikas\u0131- ve sava\u015ft\u0131r. Zor, doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, bask\u0131, ya\u011fma hi\u00e7bir gizleme \u00e7abas\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a sergilenmektedir. Bu siyasi \u015fiddet ve iktidar \u00e7eki\u015fmeleri karma\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7inde ekonomik s\u00fcrecin sert yasalar\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetmek \u00e7aba gerektirir.\u201d20<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Luxemburg’a g\u00f6re emperyalizmin uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkileri soygunu ve eme\u011fin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesini gerektirir: \u201cS\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z birikim i\u00e7in sermaye t\u00fcm yerk\u00fcrenin \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131na ve emek g\u00fcc\u00fcne ihtiya\u00e7 duyar.” Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, “t\u00fcm topraklar\u0131n do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131 ve emek g\u00fcc\u00fc olmadan y\u00f6netemez….” “tepeden t\u0131rna\u011fa her g\u00f6zene\u011fiyle kan ter i\u00e7inde kalmak” yaln\u0131zca sermayenin do\u011fu\u015funu de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda her ad\u0131mda d\u00fcnyadaki ilerleyi\u015fini de karakterize eder.\u201d 21<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lenin, Buharin ve Luxemburg, emperyalizmin baz\u0131 y\u00f6nleri, \u00f6zellikle de s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelelerinde ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesinde milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fin rol\u00fc, ulusal kendi kaderini tayin hakk\u0131 ve kapitalizmde d\u0131\u015f pazarlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 gibi konularda siyasi olarak farkl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnseler de, her \u00fc\u00e7 kuramc\u0131 i\u00e7in de \u00e7evrenin sadece bir kaynak alan\u0131 ve meta sat\u0131lan bir pazar olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda uluslararas\u0131 bir i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne dahil oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.22<\/a><\/sup> Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcnmenin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak, \u00e7evredeki i\u015f\u00e7ilerin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, art\u0131 de\u011ferin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firketler taraf\u0131ndan ihra\u00e7 edilmesini ve buna el konulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dijital eme\u011fin uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Telgraf ve uluslararas\u0131 haber ajanslar\u0131 yoluyla sa\u011flanan k\u00fcresel ileti\u015fim, ticaret, yat\u0131r\u0131m, birikim, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve sava\u015f\u0131n organize ve koordine edilmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olarak I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda emperyalizmde zaten bir rol oynuyordu.23<\/a><\/sup> Y\u00fcz y\u0131l sonra, s\u00fcper bilgisayarlar, internet, diz\u00fcst\u00fc bilgisayarlar, tabletler, cep telefonlar\u0131 ve sosyal medya gibi niteliksel olarak farkl\u0131 bilgi ve ileti\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Ancak t\u0131pk\u0131 emperyalizmin daha \u00f6nceki a\u015famalar\u0131nda \u00e7evre b\u00f6lgelerdeki i\u015f\u00e7ilerin eme\u011fi gibi, bilgi ve bilgi teknolojisi \u00fcretimi de \u00fcretim, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m ve t\u00fcketim bi\u00e7imlerini \u015fekillendirmeye devam eden uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn bir par\u00e7as\u0131.24<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ele\u015ftirel akademisyenler, 1980’lerde geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerin ucuz imalat eme\u011fi kaynaklar\u0131 haline geldi\u011fini vurgulamak ve \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlerin y\u00fckseli\u015fini takip etmek i\u00e7in yeni uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc (YU\u0130) kavram\u0131n\u0131 ortaya atm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.25<\/a><\/sup> John Bellamy Foster ve Robert W. McChesney, Sonsuz Kriz<\/em> adl\u0131 kitaplar\u0131nda \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlerin y\u00fckseli\u015fini sermayenin uzun vadeli ekonomik durgunlu\u011fun \u00fcstesinden gelme ve k\u00fcresel tekel karlar\u0131na ula\u015fma \u00e7abas\u0131na dayand\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.26<\/a><\/sup> \u00c7okuluslu \u015firketler, i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda k\u00fcresel bir rekabet sistemi kurarak \u00fccret pay\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fcresel olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeyi ve karlar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmay\u0131 hedeflemektedir. Bunun sonucunda, Foster ve McChesney’in Stephen Hymer’\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan yararlanarak “b\u00f6l ve y\u00f6net stratejisi” olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc oran\u0131nda d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda bir art\u0131\u015f meydana gelmektedir.27<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tablo 1, 2004 ve 2014\u2019te d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck iki bin \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketine ili\u015fkin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 verileri g\u00f6stermektedir. Bu \u015firketlerin gelirleri d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki GSYH’nin y\u00fczde 50’sinden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmakta ve bu da \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlerin k\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde tekel stat\u00fcs\u00fc i\u00e7in rekabet etti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Her iki d\u00f6nemde de bu \u015firketlerin sermaye varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n neredeyse d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc FSG sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde -finans, sigorta, gayrimenkul- yer almaktad\u0131r ki bu da Foster ve McChesney’in k\u00fcresel tekel-finans kapitalizmi sisteminden do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde bahsedebilece\u011fimiz iddias\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulamaktad\u0131r.28<\/a><\/sup> Ancak bu varl\u0131klar ayn\u0131 zamanda ula\u015f\u0131m end\u00fcstrileri (ula\u015f\u0131m altyap\u0131s\u0131, petrol ve gaz, ta\u015f\u0131tlar), imalat ve bilgi (telekom\u00fcnikasyon donan\u0131m\u0131, yaz\u0131l\u0131m ve yar\u0131 iletkenlerden reklam, internet, yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k ve yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kadar) sekt\u00f6rlerinde de \u00f6nemli paylara sahiptir. T\u00fcm bunlar, k\u00fcresel kapitalizmin de\u011fi\u015fen derecelerde sadece tekel-finans kapitalizmi de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda tekel-ula\u015f\u0131m kapitalizmi, tekel-yan sanayi kapitalizmi ve tekel-bilgi kapitalizmi anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fini de g\u00f6stermektedir.29<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/
Tablo 1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2004-2014 aras\u0131ndaki \u00f6nemli bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik, varl\u0131k, gelir ve k\u00e2r paylar\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artan \u00c7inli \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlerin y\u00fckseli\u015fidir. Avrupal\u0131 ve Kuzey Amerikal\u0131 \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketler art\u0131k k\u00fcresel sermayenin yakla\u015f\u0131k d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fil, \u00fc\u00e7te ikisini kontrol etmekte, bu da yine de bask\u0131n olmaya devam ettikleri anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. \u00c7inli \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlerin daha \u00f6nemli bir rol oynamas\u0131 temel bir k\u0131r\u0131lmaya i\u015faret etmemekte, daha ziyade \u00c7in’in Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131 kapitalizmi kopyalad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece “\u00c7in\u2019e \u00f6zg\u00fc bir kapitalizmin” ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

YU\u0130, bilgi ve ileti\u015fim teknolojileri (B\u0130T) ile bilginin kendisini \u00fcreten bilgi ve dijital ekonominin merkezinde yer al\u0131yor. \u00c7e\u015fitli fiziksel emek bi\u00e7imleri bilgi teknolojilerini \u00fcretir ve bunlar daha sonra medya ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr end\u00fcstrilerindeki i\u015f\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fczik, film, veri, istatistik, multimedya, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc, video, animasyon, metin ve makale gibi dijital i\u00e7erik yaratmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Teknoloji ve i\u00e7erik b\u00f6ylece diyalektik olarak birbirine ba\u011flan\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bilgi ekonomisi ayn\u0131 anda hem fizikseldir hem de fiziksel de\u011fildir. Bilgi ekonomisi ne bir \u00fcstyap\u0131 ne de gayrimaddidir, daha ziyade temel-\u00fcstyap\u0131 ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kesen \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin organizasyonunun belirli bir bi\u00e7imidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tablo 2, uluslararas\u0131 dijital i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne dahil olan ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin bir modelini g\u00f6stermektedir. Her \u00fcretim a\u015famas\u0131, insan \u00f6znelerin (\u00d6) emek teknolojilerini (T) emek nesneleri (N) \u00fczerinde kullanarak yeni bir \u00fcr\u00fcn elde etmesini i\u00e7ermektedir. K\u00fcresel dijital eme\u011fin temeli, madencilerin mineralleri \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 tar\u0131msal emek d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu mineraller daha sonra bir sonraki \u00fcretim a\u015famas\u0131nda nesneler haline gelerek B\u0130T bile\u015fenlerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr ve bunlar da bir sonraki emek d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcne nesneler olarak girer: montaj i\u015f\u00e7ileri girdi olarak B\u0130T bile\u015fenlerini kullanarak dijital medya teknolojileri in\u015fa eder. T\u00fcm bu eme\u011fin sonucu, \u00e7e\u015fitli bilgi t\u00fcrlerinin \u00fcretimini, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve t\u00fcketimini y\u00f6neten bu dijital medya teknolojileridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/
Tablo 2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla “dijital emek” yaln\u0131zca dijital i\u00e7erik \u00fcretimini ifade etmez. Daha ziyade dijital \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131, dijital medyan\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan tar\u0131msal, end\u00fcstriyel ve enformasyonel emek a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan bir kategoridir. Dijital \u00fcretim tarz\u0131na dahil olan \u00f6zneler (\u00d6) -i\u015f\u00e7iler, i\u015fleyiciler, montajc\u0131lar ve bilgi i\u015f\u00e7ileri- belirli \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri i\u00e7inde yer al\u0131rlar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u015fekil 1’de \u00d6 olarak belirtilen \u015fey asl\u0131nda farkl\u0131 \u00f6zneler ya da \u00f6zne gruplar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki \u00d61-\u00d62 ili\u015fkisidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcn bu dijital \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin \u00e7o\u011fu \u00fccretli emek, k\u00f6le eme\u011fi, \u00fccretsiz emek, g\u00fcvencesiz emek ve serbest emek taraf\u0131ndan \u015fekillendirilmekte, bu da dijital eme\u011fin uluslararas\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131, k\u00fcresel s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinden olu\u015fan geni\u015f ve karma\u015f\u0131k bir a\u011f haline getirmektedir. Bunlar, B\u0130T bile\u015fenlerinde kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere maden \u00e7\u0131karan Kongolu k\u00f6le madencilerden, Foxconn fabrikalar\u0131ndaki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7ilere, Hindistan’daki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretli yaz\u0131l\u0131m m\u00fchendislerinden, Google ve di\u011fer Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u015firketlerdeki y\u00fcksek \u00fccretli, y\u00fcksek stresli yaz\u0131l\u0131m m\u00fchendislerine, k\u00fclt\u00fcr yaratan ve yayan g\u00fcvencesiz dijital serbest \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara ve kendilerini zehirli maddelere maruz b\u0131rakarak B\u0130T’leri s\u00f6ken e-at\u0131k i\u015f\u00e7ilerine kadar uzanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dijital eme\u011fin bir \u00f6rne\u011fine bakal\u0131m. Fortune<\/em> dergisinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck ulus\u00f6tesi \u015firketler listesine g\u00f6re 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda Apple d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck on ikinci \u015firketiydi.30<\/a><\/sup> 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda 37 milyar dolar olan k\u00e2r\u0131 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda 39,5 milyar dolara, 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise 44,5 milyar dolara y\u00fckseldi.31<\/a><\/sup> O y\u0131l Apple’\u0131n net sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 56’s\u0131n\u0131 iPhone’lar, y\u00fczde 17’sini iPad’ler, y\u00fczde 13’\u00fcn\u00fc Mac’ler ve y\u00fczde 10’unu iTunes, yaz\u0131l\u0131m ve di\u011fer hizmetler olu\u015fturuyordu.32<\/a><\/sup> Bir iPhone’un \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131lan \u00c7in i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi iPhone’un fiyat\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca y\u00fczde 1,8’ini olu\u015ftururken, Apple’\u0131n iPhone sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan elde etti\u011fi k\u00e2r y\u00fczde 58,5 olmu\u015f ve Apple’\u0131n Tayvanl\u0131 Foxconn gibi tedarik\u00e7ileri y\u00fczde 14,3 k\u00e2r elde etmi\u015ftir.33<\/a><\/sup> Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla iPhone 6 Plus’\u0131n 299 dolara mal olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni i\u015f\u00e7ilik maliyetleri de\u011fil, her bir telefon i\u00e7in Apple’\u0131n ortalama 175 dolar, Foxconn’un ise 43 dolar k\u00e2r elde ederken, Foxconn fabrikas\u0131nda telefonlar\u0131 monte eden i\u015f\u00e7ilerin sadece 5 dolar almas\u0131d\u0131r. iPhone’lar\u0131n ve di\u011fer \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin y\u00fcksek maliyeti, y\u00fcksek kar oran\u0131n\u0131n ve y\u00fcksek s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc oran\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucudur – dijital eme\u011fin uluslararas\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan sonu\u00e7lard\u0131r. Foster ve McChesney’in yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u00c7in “k\u00fcresel emek arbitraj\u0131 ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc” sisteminde “d\u00fcnyan\u0131n montaj merkezi”dir.34<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2015 Fortune Global 500 listesine g\u00f6re Foxconn, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu k\u0131rsal kesimden gelen gen\u00e7 g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilerden olu\u015fan bir milyondan fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131yla d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kurumsal i\u015fvereni konumundad\u0131r.35<\/a><\/sup> Foxconn iPad, iMac, iPhone ve Amazon Kindle’\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Sony, Nintendo ve Microsoft’un video oyun konsollar\u0131n\u0131n montaj\u0131n\u0131 yapmaktad\u0131r. Ocak ve A\u011fustos 2010 tarihleri aras\u0131nda on yedi Foxconn i\u015f\u00e7isi intihara te\u015febb\u00fcs etti\u011finde ve \u00e7o\u011fu ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funda, \u00c7in\u2019in B\u0130T montaj end\u00fcstrisindeki k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 konusu daha geni\u015f \u00e7apta dikkat \u00e7ekmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Daha sonras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bir dizi akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretlere, uzun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerine ve s\u0131k s\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma program\u0131n\u0131n aksamas\u0131na; yetersiz koruyucu ekipmanlara; a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kalabal\u0131k, hapishane benzeri konaklama yerlerine; \u015firket yetkilileri taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen ve i\u015f\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcvenilmeyen sar\u0131 sendikalara; \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda konu\u015fma yasaklar\u0131na; g\u00fcvenlik g\u00f6revlileri taraf\u0131ndan dayak ve tacize ve i\u011fren\u00e7 yemeklere katlanmak zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Foxconn fabrikalar\u0131ndaki g\u00fcnl\u00fck ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi belgelemi\u015ftir.36<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Di\u011fer yandan Apple, 2014 y\u0131l\u0131 Tedarik\u00e7i Sorumlulu\u011fu \u0130lerleme Raporu’nda \u015firketin “tedarik\u00e7ilerinin azami 60 saatlik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma haftas\u0131na ortalama y\u00fczde 95 oran\u0131nda uyum sa\u011flamas\u0131n\u0131” \u015fart ko\u015fmas\u0131yla \u00f6v\u00fcn\u00fcyor.37<\/a><\/sup> Uluslararas\u0131 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc’n\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerine ili\u015fkin C030 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ise \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma haftas\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na k\u0131rk sekiz saatlik bir \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r ve g\u00fcnde sekiz saatten fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6neriyor. Apple’\u0131n tedarik zincirindeki emek i\u00e7in haftada altm\u0131\u015f saatlik bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresi uygulamaktan gurur duymas\u0131, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f emperyalizmin dijital eme\u011fi uluslararas\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn yaln\u0131zca s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda etkili bir \u015fekilde \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir: Apple, \u00c7in’deki insanlar i\u00e7in altm\u0131\u015f saatin uygun bir standart oldu\u011funu varsay\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apple’\u0131n 2014 y\u0131l\u0131 raporu ayr\u0131ca \u015firketin bir milyondan fazla i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 denetledi\u011fini iddia etmektedir. Ancak bu denetimler ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak yap\u0131lmamakta ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak raporlanmamaktad\u0131r. Apple, Kurumsal K\u00f6t\u00fc Davran\u0131\u015fa Kar\u015f\u0131 \u00d6\u011frenciler ve Akademisyenler (SACOM) gibi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z kurumsal g\u00f6zlemci kurulu\u015flara g\u00fcvenmedi\u011finden, raporlar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi tarafl\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir: kendi i\u015fverenleri taraf\u0131ndan incelenen i\u015f\u00e7iler, i\u015flerini kaybetmemek i\u00e7in \u015fikayetlerini kesinlikle bildirmeyeceklerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yukar\u0131da s\u0131ralanan say\u0131s\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7i haklar\u0131 ihlaline gelince, raporun \u00fcslubu ve dili sorunun tedarik\u00e7ilerin ve yerel ajanslar\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcyor: “Tedarik\u00e7ilerimizin Apple’\u0131n Tedarik\u00e7i Davran\u0131\u015f Kurallar\u0131’n\u0131n titiz standartlar\u0131na uymalar\u0131 gerekiyor ve her y\u0131l bekledi\u011fimiz standartlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltiyoruz….Her y\u0131l t\u00fcm nihai montaj tedarik\u00e7ilerini denetliyoruz.” Rapor, bu t\u00fcr davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n asl\u0131nda \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlerin kendi ucuz ve h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00fcretim taleplerinden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 asla kabul edemez. Apple’\u0131n ideolojik stratejisi, kamuoyunun dikkatini Apple\u2019\u0131n \u00c7inli i\u015f\u00e7ilerin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesindeki sorumlulu\u011fundan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7: \u0130deoloji ve direni\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apple, iPhone 5’i “renkli olanlar i\u00e7in”, iPhone 6’y\u0131 ise “b\u00fcy\u00fckten daha b\u00fcy\u00fck” olarak pazarlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr sloganlar dijital teknolojik devrimin herkesin yarar\u0131na olan yeni ve daha iyi bir toplum yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ima etmektedir. Benzer ideolojik vaatler ve iddialar sosyal medya, bulut bili\u015fim, b\u00fcy\u00fck veri, kitle kaynak kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve ilgili fenomenler ba\u011flam\u0131nda da bulunabilir. Bu t\u00fcr iddialar, teknolojinin i\u00e7ine g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc oldu\u011fu toplumsal ili\u015fkileri analiz etmeden, teknolojinin do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi iyi bir toplumu te\u015fvik etti\u011fini varsayan teknolojik feti\u015fizm bi\u00e7imleridir. Teknolojik feti\u015fizmde, t\u0131pk\u0131 Marx’\u0131n klasik meta feti\u015fizmi i\u00e7in yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, “insanlar\u0131n kendi aralar\u0131ndaki kesin toplumsal ili\u015fki” “\u015feyler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin fantastik bi\u00e7imini” al\u0131r.38<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uluslararas\u0131 dijital i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc Lenin, Luxemburg ve Buharin’in klasik emperyalizm kavramlar\u0131yla \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek, bu teknolojik feti\u015fizmin maskesini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmemize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Apple \u00f6rne\u011fi, dijital teknoloji ile onu reklam ve politikada \u00e7er\u00e7eveleyen ideolojilerin, k\u00fcresel s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u00fcrekliliklerini zorunlu olarak g\u00f6z ard\u0131 eden yeniye duyulan hayranl\u0131k sayesinde gizlendi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apple, Bat\u0131n\u0131n “sermayeyi yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na ihra\u00e7 etme” stratejisi sayesinde, \u00fccretlerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc oran\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 nedeniyle y\u00fcksek k\u00e2rlar elde etti\u011fi \u00c7in’e imalat eme\u011fini d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan temin ederek dijital eme\u011fin uluslararas\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda y\u00fcksek k\u00e2rlar elde etmektedir.39<\/a><\/sup> Foxconn, Pegatron ve di\u011fer \u015firketlerdeki i\u015f\u00e7ilerin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, “tepeden t\u0131rna\u011fa kan ter i\u00e7inde kalmalar\u0131” yaln\u0131zca sermayenin do\u011fu\u015funu de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda her ad\u0131mda d\u00fcnyadaki ilerleyi\u015fini de karakterize etti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. “40<\/a><\/sup> T\u00fcm bunlardan hareketle, Lenin ve Luxemburg’un analizleri y\u00fcz y\u0131l \u00f6nce oldu\u011fu gibi yirmi birinci y\u00fczy\u0131lda da ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini korumaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Foster ve McChesney, “\u00c7in karakteristi\u011fine sahip kapitalist \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin” in\u015faat ve kentsel gayrimenkule a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131m, zay\u0131f t\u00fcketim, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, artan e\u015fitsizlik, kullan\u0131lmayan altyap\u0131, k\u0131rsal g\u00f6\u00e7men eme\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k, kirlilik ve \u00e7evresel bozulmay\u0131 i\u00e7erdi\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrmektedir.41<\/a><\/sup> Ancak Bat\u0131’da \u00c7in hakk\u0131nda medyada \u00e7\u0131kan haberler, \u00fclkenin bu \u00e7eli\u015fkilerden kaynaklanan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve toplumsal m\u00fccadelelere dair aktif siyasi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6rmezden gelme e\u011filiminde. \u00c7in \u0130\u015f\u00e7i B\u00fclteni’nin verilerine g\u00f6re 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in’de 1.276 grev ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f.42<\/a><\/sup> \u00c7in yekpare bir toplum de\u011fil, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcye kar\u015f\u0131 aktif ve canl\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 m\u00fccadelelerinin oldu\u011fu bir toplumdur. Haziran ay\u0131ndaki i\u015f\u00e7i huzursuzlu\u011funun ard\u0131ndan Ekim 2014’te bin i\u015f\u00e7i Chongqing’deki Foxconn fabrikas\u0131nda \u00fccret art\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in greve gitti.43<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dijital i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 m\u00fccadelelerinin k\u0131sa ve orta vadeli hedefi, sosyal medya, yaz\u0131l\u0131m m\u00fchendisli\u011fi, serbest ekonomi, maden \u00e7\u0131karma veya B\u0130T montaj\u0131 fark etmeksizin, t\u00fcm \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme d\u00fczeylerinde ve t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada dijital ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel end\u00fcstrilerde i\u015f\u00e7ilerin denetiminde olacak \u015firketlerin kurulmas\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Uzun vadede ama\u00e7, kapitalist toplumun kendisiyle birlikte bu alanlar\u0131n kapitalist \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinin de a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Dijital kapitalizme kar\u015f\u0131 toplumsal m\u00fccadelelerin ulusal ya da uluslararas\u0131 boyutunun nas\u0131l bir rol oynamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi sorusu stratejik siyasi tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n konusudur. Marx, 1867 y\u0131l\u0131nda Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler Derne\u011fi’ne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir konu\u015fmada, “i\u015fverenlerin i\u015f\u00e7ilerine kar\u015f\u0131 koymak i\u00e7in ya yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan i\u015f\u00e7i getirdiklerini ya da \u00fcretimi ucuz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn oldu\u011fu \u00fclkelere kayd\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131” ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.44<\/a><\/sup> O g\u00fcn oldu\u011fu gibi bug\u00fcn de “i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesini ba\u015far\u0131 \u015fans\u0131yla s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek istiyorsa”, k\u00fcresel kapitalist y\u00f6netime verilecek tek uygun yan\u0131t\u0131n “ulusal \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin uluslararas\u0131 hale gelmesi”45<\/a><\/sup> oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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  1. Daha detayl\u0131 analizler i\u00e7in bkz: Christian Fuchs, \u201cMedia, War and Information Technology,\u201d in Des Freedman and Daya Kishan Thussu, eds.,\u00a0Media and Terrorism: Global Perspectives\u00a0(London: Sage, 2012), 47\u201362; Christian Fuchs, \u201cCritical Globalization Studies: An Empirical and Theoretical Analysis of the New Imperialism,\u201d\u00a0Science & Society 74, no. 2 (2010): 215\u201347; Christian Fuchs, \u201cCritical Globalization Studies and the New Imperialism,\u201d\u00a0Critical Sociology\u00a036, no. 6 (2010): 839\u201367; and Christian Fuchs, \u201cNew Imperialism: Information and Media Imperialism?\u201d\u00a0Global Media and Communication\u00a06, no. 1 (2010): 33\u201360. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  2. Vladimir I. Lenin, “Emperyalizm: Kapitalizmin En Y\u00fcksek A\u015famas\u0131”\u00a0 \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  3. Nikolai Bukharin ve Evgenii Preobrazhensky,\u00a0“Kom\u00fcnizmin ABC’si” \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  4. Nikolai Bukharin, “Emperyalizm ve D\u00fcnya Ekonomisi” \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  5. agy. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  6. agy. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  7. Lenin, “Emperyalizm” \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  8. Rosa Luxemburg,\u00a0“Sermaye Birikimi” \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  9. agy. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  10. agy. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  11. Lenin, “Emperyalizm” \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  12. Bukharin ve Preobrazhensky,\u00a0“Kom\u00fcnizmin ABC’si” \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  13. \u00d6rne\u011fin John Bellamy Foster ve Robert W. McChesney’i k\u0131yaslay\u0131n. “The Endless Crisis: How Monopoly-Finance Capitalism Produces Stagnation and Upheaval from the USA to China” (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2012); David Harvey, “The New Imperialism” (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003); and Ellen Meiksins Wood, “Empire of Capital” (London: Verso, 2003). \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  14. Lenin, “Emperyalizm” \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  15. agy. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  16. Bukharin, “Emperyalizm ve D\u00fcnya Ekonomisi” \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  17. agy. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  18. agy. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  19. agy. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  20. Luxemburg,\u00a0“Sermaye Birikimi” \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  21. agy. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  22. Bkz: Paul Mattick’in 1935 tarihli \u201cLuxemburg versus Lenin,\u201d makalesi,\u00a0Anti-Bolshevik Communism i\u00e7inde (Monmouth, UK: Merlin Press, 1978). \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  23. Christian Fuchs,\u00a0“Digital Labor and Karl Marx” \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  24. agy \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  25. Folker Fr\u00f6bel, J\u00fcrgen Heinrichs ve Otto Kreye,\u00a0“The New International Division of Labor” \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  26. Foster ve McChesney,\u00a0“The Endless Crisis” \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  27. agy. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  28. agy. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  29. agy. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  30. Fortune Global 500 list 2015<\/a> \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  31. Apple Inc., 10-K Report 2014<\/a>. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  32. agy. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  33. Jenny Chan, Ngai Pun ve Mark Selden, \u201cThe Politics of Global Production: Apple, Foxconn and China\u2019s New Working Class,\u201d New Technology, Work and Employment 28, no. 2 (2013) \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  34. Foster ve McChesney,\u00a0“The Endless Crisis” \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  35. Bkz: Christian Fuchs,\u00a0Culture and Economy in the Age of Social Media \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  36. Bkz: Jenny Chan, \u201cA Suicide Survivor: The Life of a Chinese Worker,\u201d New Technology, Work and Employment 2, no. 2 (2013): 84\u201399; Chan, Pun, and Selden, \u201cThe Politics of Global Production\u201d; Foster and McChesney, The Endless Crisis, 119\u201320, 139\u201340, 173; Ngai Pun and Jenny Chan, \u201cGlobal Capital, the State, and Chinese Workers: The Foxconn Experience,\u201d Modern China 38, no. 4 (2012): 383\u2013410; Jack L. Qiu, \u201cNetwork Labor: Beyond the Shadow of Foxconn,\u201d in Larissa Hjorth, Jean Burgess and Ingrid Richardson, eds., Studying Mobile Media: Cultural Technologies, Mobile Communication, and the iPhone (New York: Routledge, 2012), 173\u201389; Jack L. Qiu, Goodbye iSlave: Rethinking Labor, Capitalism, and Digital Media (Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2016); and Marisol Sandoval, \u201cFoxconned: Labor as the Dark Side of the Information Age,\u201d tripleC 11, no. 2 (2013): 318\u201347. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  37. Apple Inc., Supplier Responsibility 2014 Progress Report,\u00a0http:\/\/apple.com \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  38. Karl Marx, Kapital, Cilt 1 \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  39. Lenin, “Emperyalizm” \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  40. Luxemburg,\u00a0“Sermaye Birikimi” \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  41. Foster ve McChesney,\u00a0“The Endless Crisis”\u00a0 \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  42. China Labor Bulletin Strike Map<\/a> \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  43. Thousands of Foxconn Workers Strike Again in Chongqing for Better Wages, Benefits<\/a> \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  44. Karl Marx, \u201cLozan Kongresi \u00dczerine\u201d \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  45. agy \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n
    \n\n\n\n

    \u00c7eviri<\/strong>: Emre Yeksan
    Yaz\u0131n\u0131n orijinali<\/strong>:     Digital Labor and Imperialism<\/em> by Christian Fuchs<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    DOSYA: Neoliberal D\u00f6nemde Emperyalizm Tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 III Bir s\u00fcredir emperyalizm tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne \u015fahit oluyoruz. Sovyetlerin da\u011f\u0131lma s\u00fcrecinin ard\u0131ndan kapitalizmin k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesi, gezegen \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde kapsay\u0131c\u0131 hale gelmesi ve her yerde neoliberal politikalar\u0131n uygulamaya konmas\u0131yla birlikte emperyalizm tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da bir d\u00f6nem ask\u0131ya al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ya da \u00e7er\u00e7evesini yeni k\u00fcresel duruma adapte edemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in g\u00fcnceli a\u00e7\u0131klamakta zorlan\u0131r hale gelmi\u015fti. NATO\u2019nun […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":35281,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"[{\"content\":\"Daha detayl\u0131 analizler i\u00e7in bkz: Christian Fuchs, \u201cMedia, War and Information Technology,\u201d in Des Freedman and Daya Kishan Thussu, eds.,\u00a0Media and Terrorism: Global Perspectives\u00a0(London: Sage, 2012), 47\u201362; Christian Fuchs, \u201cCritical Globalization Studies: An Empirical and Theoretical Analysis of the New Imperialism,\u201d\u00a0Science & Society 74, no. 2 (2010): 215\u201347; Christian Fuchs, \u201cCritical Globalization Studies and the New Imperialism,\u201d\u00a0Critical Sociology\u00a036, no. 6 (2010): 839\u201367; and Christian Fuchs, \u201cNew Imperialism: Information and Media Imperialism?\u201d\u00a0Global Media and Communication\u00a06, no. 1 (2010): 33\u201360.\",\"id\":\"727a408b-3cef-4d41-9526-cb63df492066\"},{\"content\":\"Vladimir I. Lenin, \\\"Emperyalizm: Kapitalizmin En Y\u00fcksek A\u015famas\u0131\\\"\u00a0\",\"id\":\"d5fb9f48-26fb-4f26-87a2-52748b430942\"},{\"content\":\"Nikolai Bukharin ve Evgenii Preobrazhensky,\u00a0\\\"Kom\u00fcnizmin ABC'si\\\"\",\"id\":\"7ed70899-c4e3-49c3-8e86-c8ea91345d9f\"},{\"content\":\"Nikolai Bukharin, \\\"Emperyalizm ve D\u00fcnya Ekonomisi\\\"\",\"id\":\"f1497f7f-3739-4098-a6df-6cd258e9e956\"},{\"content\":\"agy.\",\"id\":\"799f5cc9-d0fb-43a1-abde-22108db8a2ae\"},{\"content\":\"agy.\",\"id\":\"e4b8d62e-ce34-4ae4-9ced-fac0af691ff2\"},{\"content\":\"Lenin, \\\"Emperyalizm\\\"\",\"id\":\"7dde5532-fd8f-4469-a83d-0607e1ff0e0a\"},{\"content\":\"Rosa Luxemburg,\u00a0\\\"Sermaye Birikimi\\\"\",\"id\":\"2ffa5aaf-197a-45e2-a957-b9e4c1b3eb06\"},{\"content\":\"agy.\",\"id\":\"2de3bb5e-146b-4cb1-844c-0d996c94c4fc\"},{\"content\":\"agy.\",\"id\":\"03943811-73bf-41fb-8048-18343d0ccdc2\"},{\"content\":\"Lenin, \\\"Emperyalizm\\\"\",\"id\":\"a5587887-3e81-42a5-838b-2159c381f4de\"},{\"content\":\"Bukharin ve Preobrazhensky,\u00a0\\\"Kom\u00fcnizmin ABC'si\\\"\",\"id\":\"56d03b4f-4dd6-4d70-b587-bc8fa3b70128\"},{\"content\":\"\u00d6rne\u011fin John Bellamy Foster ve Robert W. McChesney'i k\u0131yaslay\u0131n. \\\"The Endless Crisis: How Monopoly-Finance Capitalism Produces Stagnation and Upheaval from the USA to China\\\" (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2012); David Harvey, \\\"The New Imperialism\\\" (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003); and Ellen Meiksins Wood, \\\"Empire of Capital\\\" (London: Verso, 2003).\",\"id\":\"39d20c0c-6bba-4c30-af0e-fedbb9eaf615\"},{\"content\":\"Lenin, \\\"Emperyalizm\\\"\",\"id\":\"510013c8-2dab-4031-8809-afe5c198da75\"},{\"content\":\"agy.\",\"id\":\"dee476b7-e19a-4a83-ace2-23ae57b9c182\"},{\"content\":\"Bukharin, \\\"Emperyalizm ve D\u00fcnya Ekonomisi\\\"\",\"id\":\"bb0ff20e-e654-4bcf-b2b7-01afe0db9d42\"},{\"content\":\"agy.\",\"id\":\"f488ba4f-de4a-40d4-99cd-ce0e330421a9\"},{\"content\":\"agy.\",\"id\":\"d26fb6d4-5cad-4f67-a144-96211b898c87\"},{\"content\":\"agy.\",\"id\":\"8899c0cd-052c-454b-9335-77c1ccca5654\"},{\"content\":\"Luxemburg,\u00a0\\\"Sermaye Birikimi\\\"\",\"id\":\"2cc1e17c-8646-4516-b6fc-b6bfb58b4318\"},{\"content\":\"agy.\",\"id\":\"ed57f3e1-f633-4355-a807-9d60a6cd2ee4\"},{\"content\":\"Bkz: Paul Mattick'in 1935 tarihli \u201cLuxemburg versus Lenin,\u201d makalesi,\u00a0Anti-Bolshevik Communism i\u00e7inde (Monmouth, UK: Merlin Press, 1978).\",\"id\":\"8d32e5cb-75cf-4763-8a7b-507efadcf9c9\"},{\"content\":\"Christian Fuchs,\u00a0\\\"Digital Labor and Karl Marx\\\"\",\"id\":\"7172331e-d5ce-46c9-916e-0ec719a8b126\"},{\"content\":\"agy\",\"id\":\"a4735d23-c91e-4300-9768-48c8588ed504\"},{\"content\":\"Folker Fr\u00f6bel, J\u00fcrgen Heinrichs ve Otto Kreye,\u00a0\\\"The New International Division of Labor\\\"\",\"id\":\"c986647f-d413-4212-8d05-8403707cb6e8\"},{\"content\":\"Foster ve McChesney,\u00a0\\\"The Endless Crisis\\\"\",\"id\":\"98380e15-3dcc-48c6-81ac-ff3bd2ed2224\"},{\"content\":\"agy.\",\"id\":\"ae88bb38-e48e-4e5e-b835-232b8dad2bb5\"},{\"content\":\"agy.\",\"id\":\"d6ea5afa-5d31-4158-acaa-c7ad7fa08ef6\"},{\"content\":\"agy.\",\"id\":\"512cdf8a-dd43-42a2-bde5-274f97364deb\"},{\"content\":\"Fortune Global 500 list 2015<\/a>\",\"id\":\"75140fea-ed1f-46b9-bff8-4dc8117f915a\"},{\"content\":\"Apple Inc., 10-K Report 2014<\/a>.\",\"id\":\"1d83aa8a-83cc-4962-bd4f-00ccb6e2a54b\"},{\"content\":\"agy.\",\"id\":\"508bc56a-000e-47ee-8a13-fdaeae03f1f0\"},{\"content\":\"Jenny Chan, Ngai Pun ve Mark Selden, \u201cThe Politics of Global Production: Apple, Foxconn and China\u2019s New Working Class,\u201d New Technology, Work and Employment 28, no. 2 (2013)\",\"id\":\"cb3423c7-8cef-4a80-98d3-b68524d539b8\"},{\"content\":\"Foster ve McChesney,\u00a0\\\"The Endless Crisis\\\"\",\"id\":\"d8f4ef6d-c5f7-4578-a581-af78bea0996f\"},{\"content\":\"Bkz: Christian Fuchs,\u00a0Culture and Economy in the Age of Social Media\",\"id\":\"811bde25-2969-4572-9bb6-65bfc1fabda3\"},{\"content\":\"Bkz: Jenny Chan, \u201cA Suicide Survivor: The Life of a Chinese Worker,\u201d New Technology, Work and Employment 2, no. 2 (2013): 84\u201399; Chan, Pun, and Selden, \u201cThe Politics of Global Production\u201d; Foster and McChesney, The Endless Crisis, 119\u201320, 139\u201340, 173; Ngai Pun and Jenny Chan, \u201cGlobal Capital, the State, and Chinese Workers: The Foxconn Experience,\u201d Modern China 38, no. 4 (2012): 383\u2013410; Jack L. Qiu, \u201cNetwork Labor: Beyond the Shadow of Foxconn,\u201d in Larissa Hjorth, Jean Burgess and Ingrid Richardson, eds., Studying Mobile Media: Cultural Technologies, Mobile Communication, and the iPhone (New York: Routledge, 2012), 173\u201389; Jack L. Qiu, Goodbye iSlave: Rethinking Labor, Capitalism, and Digital Media (Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2016); and Marisol Sandoval, \u201cFoxconned: Labor as the Dark Side of the Information Age,\u201d tripleC 11, no. 2 (2013): 318\u201347.\",\"id\":\"2bae9a4b-1281-4164-a21c-5a73dd598d63\"},{\"content\":\"Apple Inc., Supplier Responsibility 2014 Progress Report,\u00a0http:\/\/apple.com\",\"id\":\"a3188ebd-adfe-49e9-a3aa-d8c632d0365c\"},{\"content\":\"Karl Marx, Kapital, Cilt 1\",\"id\":\"2e1ad58e-a525-4753-86d1-6af62989543b\"},{\"content\":\"Lenin, \\\"Emperyalizm\\\"\",\"id\":\"41d62af0-ed3b-4143-9d7a-0261e4ad99d4\"},{\"content\":\"Luxemburg,\u00a0\\\"Sermaye Birikimi\\\"\",\"id\":\"3ff02ff7-4c77-4be3-a2f5-a439aba32c1d\"},{\"content\":\"Foster ve McChesney,\u00a0\\\"The Endless Crisis\\\"\u00a0\",\"id\":\"134e2a46-a3b6-444f-b558-2fc41c17064d\"},{\"content\":\"China Labor Bulletin Strike Map<\/a>\",\"id\":\"c9c26c7b-a271-422a-a1b8-46be3cf3f42d\"},{\"content\":\"Thousands of Foxconn Workers Strike Again in Chongqing for Better Wages, Benefits<\/a>\",\"id\":\"38529ea0-e5f3-4d7d-8f22-4090c2d736d5\"},{\"content\":\"Karl Marx, \u201cLozan Kongresi \u00dczerine\u201d\",\"id\":\"b53a28c7-e17a-4aa1-b9f6-88e6e81f7b07\"},{\"content\":\"agy\",\"id\":\"1d0015a6-48eb-4053-b9de-0af43bd7935e\"}]"},"categories":[341,2,20,16],"tags":[33,1556,1439,1554,1555,438,1553,361,1558,578,1173,1557,1475,621],"yoast_head":"\nDijital emek ve emperyalizm - Christian Fuchs - e-komite<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/2024\/dijital-emek-ve-emperyalizm-christian-fuchs\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Dijital emek ve emperyalizm - Christian Fuchs - e-komite\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"DOSYA: Neoliberal D\u00f6nemde Emperyalizm Tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 III Bir s\u00fcredir emperyalizm tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne \u015fahit oluyoruz. Sovyetlerin da\u011f\u0131lma s\u00fcrecinin ard\u0131ndan kapitalizmin k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesi, gezegen \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde kapsay\u0131c\u0131 hale gelmesi ve her yerde neoliberal politikalar\u0131n uygulamaya konmas\u0131yla birlikte emperyalizm tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da bir d\u00f6nem ask\u0131ya al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ya da \u00e7er\u00e7evesini yeni k\u00fcresel duruma adapte edemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in g\u00fcnceli a\u00e7\u0131klamakta zorlan\u0131r hale gelmi\u015fti. NATO\u2019nun […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/2024\/dijital-emek-ve-emperyalizm-christian-fuchs\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"e-komite\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ekomite2020\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-02-18T15:30:54+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-02-22T15:27:43+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Une_digital_labor.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1019\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"510\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"e-komite\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@e_komite\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@e_komite\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Yazan:\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"e-komite\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"19 dakika\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/2024\/dijital-emek-ve-emperyalizm-christian-fuchs\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/2024\/dijital-emek-ve-emperyalizm-christian-fuchs\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"e-komite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/#\/schema\/person\/53038a0f6557c4b99cab49d8d5945626\"},\"headline\":\"Dijital emek ve emperyalizm – Christian Fuchs\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-02-18T15:30:54+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-02-22T15:27:43+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/2024\/dijital-emek-ve-emperyalizm-christian-fuchs\/\"},\"wordCount\":4449,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/2024\/dijital-emek-ve-emperyalizm-christian-fuchs\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Une_digital_labor.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"abd\",\"apple\",\"beyaz yaka\",\"bilgi teknolojileri\",\"buharin\",\"\u00e7in\",\"dijital emek\",\"emperyalizm\",\"foxconn\",\"lenin\",\"maden\",\"m\u00fchendisler\",\"Neoliberal D\u00f6nemde Emperyalizm Tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131\",\"rosa luxemburg\"],\"articleSection\":[\"\u00c7eviri\",\"Featured\",\"Man\u015fet\",\"Yaz\u0131\"],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/2024\/dijital-emek-ve-emperyalizm-christian-fuchs\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/2024\/dijital-emek-ve-emperyalizm-christian-fuchs\/\",\"name\":\"Dijital emek ve emperyalizm - 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Sovyetlerin da\u011f\u0131lma s\u00fcrecinin ard\u0131ndan kapitalizmin k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesi, gezegen \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde kapsay\u0131c\u0131 hale gelmesi ve her yerde neoliberal politikalar\u0131n uygulamaya konmas\u0131yla birlikte emperyalizm tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da bir d\u00f6nem ask\u0131ya al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ya da \u00e7er\u00e7evesini yeni k\u00fcresel duruma adapte edemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in g\u00fcnceli a\u00e7\u0131klamakta zorlan\u0131r hale gelmi\u015fti. NATO\u2019nun […]","og_url":"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/2024\/dijital-emek-ve-emperyalizm-christian-fuchs\/","og_site_name":"e-komite","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ekomite2020","article_published_time":"2024-02-18T15:30:54+00:00","article_modified_time":"2024-02-22T15:27:43+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1019,"height":510,"url":"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Une_digital_labor.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"e-komite","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@e_komite","twitter_site":"@e_komite","twitter_misc":{"Yazan:":"e-komite","Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi":"19 dakika"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/2024\/dijital-emek-ve-emperyalizm-christian-fuchs\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/2024\/dijital-emek-ve-emperyalizm-christian-fuchs\/"},"author":{"name":"e-komite","@id":"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/#\/schema\/person\/53038a0f6557c4b99cab49d8d5945626"},"headline":"Dijital emek ve emperyalizm – Christian Fuchs","datePublished":"2024-02-18T15:30:54+00:00","dateModified":"2024-02-22T15:27:43+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/2024\/dijital-emek-ve-emperyalizm-christian-fuchs\/"},"wordCount":4449,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/2024\/dijital-emek-ve-emperyalizm-christian-fuchs\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Une_digital_labor.jpg","keywords":["abd","apple","beyaz yaka","bilgi teknolojileri","buharin","\u00e7in","dijital emek","emperyalizm","foxconn","lenin","maden","m\u00fchendisler","Neoliberal D\u00f6nemde Emperyalizm Tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131","rosa luxemburg"],"articleSection":["\u00c7eviri","Featured","Man\u015fet","Yaz\u0131"],"inLanguage":"tr"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/2024\/dijital-emek-ve-emperyalizm-christian-fuchs\/","url":"https:\/\/e-komite.com\/2024\/dijital-emek-ve-emperyalizm-christian-fuchs\/","name":"Dijital emek ve emperyalizm - 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